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Explain about Amenorrhea .... ? " munipalli akshay paul "

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 Amenorrhea is the medical term for the absence of menstruation — either when a woman has not had her first period by age 15 (primary amenorrhea) or when a woman who previously had regular periods stops menstruating for three months or more (secondary amenorrhea).

Types of Amenorrhea

  1. Primary Amenorrhea

    • Menstruation has not started by age 15.

    • Often related to genetic or anatomical abnormalities, hormonal imbalances, or chronic illnesses.

  2. Secondary Amenorrhea

    • Menstruation stops after previously occurring regularly.

    • Common causes include pregnancy, stress, significant weight loss, excessive exercise, or medical conditions like PCOS.

Common Causes

  • Physiological: Pregnancy, breastfeeding, menopause

  • Hormonal Imbalances: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, pituitary tumors

  • Structural Abnormalities: Uterine scarring (Asherman’s syndrome), congenital absence of reproductive organs

  • Lifestyle Factors: Stress, eating disorders (e.g., anorexia), extreme exercise

  • Medications: Certain antipsychotics, chemotherapy, contraceptives

Symptoms (besides absence of menstruation)

  • Headaches

  • Vision changes

  • Hair loss

  • Acne or excess facial hair

  • Pelvic pain

  • Nipple discharge

Diagnosis

  • Medical history and physical exam

  • Pregnancy test

  • Hormone level tests (FSH, LH, estrogen, prolactin, TSH)

  • Imaging (ultrasound, MRI if pituitary issue suspected)

  • Pelvic exam to check anatomical structures

Treatment

Depends on the underlying cause:

  • Lifestyle changes: Weight gain/loss, stress management

  • Hormone therapy: Birth control pills or hormone replacement

  • Medications: To treat underlying conditions (thyroid meds, dopamine agonists for prolactinomas)

  • Surgery: For structural problems or tumors.


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